Specification authority describes the organization that created the specification aisi is the american iron and steel institute. Fly ash is produced from the combustion of coal in electric utility or industrial boilers. In the jargon of the coal business, this procedure is called the ultimate analysis of coal. These categories indicate ranges of physical and chemical characteristics that are useful in making broad estimates of the behavior of coal in mining, preparation, and use. Macerals microscopic organic constituents found in coal are identified microscopically by reflected light the reflective or translucent properties of the coal indicating the individual component macerals. Chapter 7 coal penn state college of earth and mineral. Chemical analyses and physical properties of 12 coal samples from the pocahontas field, tazewell county, virginia, and mcdowell county, west virginia.
Students understand that interactions can produce changes in a system, although. By far the most important use of coal is in combustion, mainly to provide heat to the boilers of electric power plants. In electricity generation, thermal coal is ground to a powder and fired into a boiler to produce heat, which in turn converts water into steam. Figure 3 examples of equipment for manual sampling shown in iso 18283. Fun with the sun teachers activity guide for elementary. There are nine bituminous coal types presenting caking properties, including ps, sm, jm, jm, fm, qf, qm, 12zn and rn. Fly ash, slag, silica fume, and natural pozzolans fly ash, ground granulated blastfurnace slag, silica fume, and natural pozzolans, such as calcined shale, calcined clay or metakaolin, are materials that, when used in conjunction with portland or blended cement, contribute to the properties of the hardened concrete through hydraulic or. Metallurgical coke is the major product of coal conversion. The pc boiler is the most widely used, especially for large electric generating units. The fraction of the coal retained on the screen when subjected to. The materials specifically covered by these standards can be in the form of lump coke, pulverized coal, bituminous coal, coke and coal ash, reformed gas, and.
Coal structure and properties encyclopedia of life support. Students know and understand common properties, forms, and changes in matter and energy. Total resources are surmised to exist based on a broad interpretation of geological knowledge and theory. The coal formation process involves the burial of peat, which is made of partly decayed plant materials, deep underground. Class c fly ash, normally produced from the combustion of lignite or sub bituminous. Coal utilization, combustion of coal or its conversion into useful solid, gaseous, and liquid products. The chemical approach to characterizing coals is to determine the amounts of the principal chemical elements. Knowledge of these properties of steel is an essential part of correct selection and. Ns for highgrade anthracite coal is divided into 4 ranks.
Run of mine comprising of all sizes without any crushing or screening. Coal is a nonrenewable resource known as a fossil fuel. Because the physical properties and coal quality vary widely, coal fired power plants must be engineered to accommodate the specific properties of available feedstock and to reduce emissions of. Depending on the type of coal and the resultant chemical analysis, astm has classified flyash into, a. Thermal coal, also known as steam coal, is used for power and heat generation. Coal rank is an indication of how much transformation the orig inal plant material has under gone. Drying in a minimum freespace oven at 150 c 300 f within a nitrogen atmosphere. Coal is abundant, affordable and geographically welldistributed. Major challenges for exploiting some limpopo province coalfields are severe water shortages, insufficiently developed. Grade specifically refers to chemical content and physical properties. The whopping 3,162 million metric tons of hard coal produced by china dwarfs the output of the second and thirdranked producersthe u. Major developed and developing economies are able to utilise large indigenous coal reserves, while coal is also available from a wide. Coal reserves are six times greater than oil and petroleum reserves. Following terms are commonly used in coal industry the definitions of which are as below.
Astms coal and gas standards are instrumental in the testing and chemical analysis of coal, coke, natural gas and other gaseous fuels, as well as the combustion residues of coal and coke. Chemical analyses and physical properties of 12 coal. Coal is formed when dead plant matter decays into peat and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over. Calculation of cv of coal based on proximate analysis gives very rough estimate of calorific value of coal but is used for deciding the grade of.
Types, or ranks, of coal are determined by carbon content. High moisture content in low rank coal can cause problems in handling coal. Some of the properties of coal that are used in its evaluation for end use processes appear in a number of classification systems. Fly ash, slag, silica fume, and natural pozzolans, chapter 3. Coal standards and gas standards astm international.
Coal deposits and properties mcketta department of. Elemental analysis of coal gives empirical formulas such as. Coal sampling and analysis standards 4 abstract each year, billions of tonnes of coal are traded in regional and international market for use in power generation, steel and cement making, and many other purposes. Scanning electron microscope micrograph of slag particles at. Available to ship in its moist natural state via ocean vessel, river barge, rail or truck. A multipurpose austenitic heat resistant stainless steel. Comparison of class c versus class f fly ash for concrete. Carbon and hydrogen are the principal combustible elements in coal.
In australian and british laboratories this involves heating the coal sample to 900 5 c 1650 10 f for 7 min. This range in properties results from coals diverse origins, including the long and complex geologic histories of coal deposits. Characterization of the coal resources of south africa. Classification of coal based on volatile matter and cooking power of clean material sponsored links coal is a readily combustible rock containing more than 50 percent by weight of carbonaceous material formed from compaction and indurations of variously altered plant remains similar to those in peat.
Maximum thickness of plastic layer for caking coal and m % for non caking. Jul 11, 20 classification of indian coal scientific coding of indian coal 3 basic parameters and 1 supplementary parameter 1st digit 19 corresponds to calorific value dmmf 2nd 09 one volatile matter dmmf 3rd 05one coke type 4th 16 one. The volatile matter of coal is determined under rigidly controlled standards. The lower carbon content minimizes chromium carbide precipitation due to welding and its susceptibility to intergranular corrosion. China produces more hard coal than any other country by a factor of about three.
The gradation of noncoking coal is based on gross calorific value gcv, the gradation of coking coal is based on ash content and for semi. The most widely accepted coal rank parameter that can be used over a wide range is. The quality grade of coal will be specified as follows. Were the industry leader in hotdip galvanized pipe, and we offer more than 350 different combinations of finish, end treatments and lengths on our standard pipe. Calorific value of coal can be determined either by calculation from chemical analysis or by burning a sample in calorimeter. This magnetite meets all specifications for dense media separation of coal. Stratigraphic and lithologic studies suggest that the pennsylvanian sea for the most. Combustion and gasification properties of plastics particles. The plant material from which coal is derived is composed of a complex mixture of organic compounds, including cellulose, lignin, fats, waxes, and tannins. The composition of municipal waste in western europe, 1992.
Chemical composition and physical characteristics of coal and. Moisture content is determined by heating an airdried coal sample at 105110 c 221230 f under specified conditions until a constant weight is obtained. Proximate and ultimate analysis of power plant coal. Hilt and others classified coal on the basis of volatile matter and coking property.
A bundle of the given presentations in pdf, see list above, including a summary of. Also as the rank of coal increases the volatile matter decreases amk. The singareni collieries company limited a government. However there is no clear demarcation between them and coal is also further classified as semi anthracite, semibituminous, and subbituminous. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements. Melt source denotes actual mill where iron was smelted. Physical properties of rocks are used to identify the type of rocks and to discover more about them. Tests showed no significant harmful side effects with respect to pollution as compared to firing with conventional fuel. You can find information related tenders, notices, latest updates pertaining to ministry of coal, government of india. The singareni collieries company limited a government company. Jan 29, 2020 all types of coal contain fixed carbon, which provides stored energy and varying amounts of moisture, ash, volatile matter, mercury, and sulfur. Knowledge of these properties of steel is an essential part of correct selection and use of material to specific design conditions.
Type c fly ash is produced from the combustion of lignite or sub bituminous coals, contains cao higher than 10 percent and possesses cementitious properties in addition to pozzolanic properties. Chemical analyses and physical properties of 12 coal samples. Calculation of cv of coal based on proximate analysis gives very rough estimate of calorific value of coal but is used for deciding the grade of coal and formula adopted by coal india is as below. Anthracite coal is the highest rank of coal, having the highest carbon content. Classification of indian coal scientific coding of indian coal 3 basic parameters and 1 supplementary parameter 1st digit 19 corresponds to calorific value dmmf 2nd 09 one volatile matter dmmf 3rd 05one coke type 4th 16 one. What do we call resources that are not limited in supply they can be replaced by nature. If run of mine coal is subjected to screening by two different screens of two different apertures results in segregation in three different sizes, the fraction that is retained on screen of largest apertures shall be termed as steam coal, the fraction passing through the screen but retained on screen with smaller aperture shall be termed as rubble coal and fraction passing through. The four types of coal include peat, lignite, bituminous, and anthracite, with anthracite being. Comparison of class c versus class f fly ash for concrete pavement wisconsin highway research program results the two class c ash sources had a very low loi 0. Type 304 stainless steel is a variation of the base 188 grade, with a higher chromium and lower carbon content.
Chapter 7 coal penn state college of earth and mineral sciences. Students know that energy appears in different forms, and can move be transferred and change be transformed. What is the difference between coking coal and thermal. Contains carbon, volatile matter, moisture and ash mostly used for power generation and metallurgy. Coal sampling and analysis standards united states energy. Steel is a manmade alloy of iron and carbon carbon is found in coal. A g e h j i f d b c tolerance describes the accountable manufacturing tolerance. Coal structure and properties encyclopedia of life. Astm c618 specified two categories of fly ash, class c and class f depending on the type of coal and the resultant chemical analysis. Ash content of coal is the noncombustible residue left after coal is. Coal is classified into three major types namely anthracite, bituminous, and lignite.
In addition, techniques for gasifying and liquefying coal into fuels or into feedstocks for the chemical. Coal is formed when dead plant matter decays into peat and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years. Astm d388 19a standard classification of coals by rank. An introduction to coal quality usgs publications repository. Coal deposits and properties coal deposits several terms are used by the u.
Chapter c the national coal resource assessment an. Coals rich in inertinite or liptinite exinite, or both. Coal is generally classified into types bas ed on the grade of metamorphism the higher the grade of. This is the official website of coal ministry, government of india. Variation of selected coal properties with coal rank. Astm c 1073 covers a rapid determination of hydraulic activity of 59 chapter 3 fly ash, slag, silica fume, and natural pozzolans fig.
Each type of coal has a certain set of physical parameters which are mostly controlled by moisture, volatile content in terms of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons and carbon content moisture. Versailles, ky 8598730188 introduction the powder river coal is classified as sub bituminous ranked coal. The second set f is used to define the feasibility of a. The rank and metamorphic grade of the coals are postulated to increase because of. Thus far, coal has been discussed as if it were a single. In addition to the volatile matter values, gb employs three caking properties to distinguish the different bituminous coal types. There are various physical properties of coal like hardness, grain size, fracture, streak, porosity, luster, strength etc which defines it. The properties of various steel grades depend on their specific chemical compositions, processing, and the resulting microstructure. The properties of coal chemical, physical, mechanical, and petrographic are used as classification parameters. Our high grade source of magnetite with slightly coarser sizing than 90 grade magnetite. The chemical approach to characterizing coals is to determine the amounts of the principal chemical elements in them. Coal deposits and properties the mcketta department of. Geologists also classify coal types according to the organic debris, called macerals, from which the coal is formed.
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